NEW! eBook 'Getting started with grub4dos' - complete guide with exercises and full command reference.The following was translated by Google Translate from Chinese to English http://bbs.wuyou.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=322662&extra=page%3D1&page=1
WARNING: some formatting errors may be present.
Numbers
grub4dos numbers can be specified as:
decimal - e.g. set /a num=255
decimal plus quantifier - e.g. set /a num=2k, set /a num=0x2k (k m g t are recognised where k=1024, m=1048576, g=1073741824, t=1099511627776)
hex - e.g. set /a num=0xff
octal - e.g. echo -e \61 (max \377 = 255 decimal) only for certain commands such as echo -e and cat - e.g. cat --locate=\40 (hd0)0+1 to find spaces (20 hex) in MBR
if 0x31z==49z echo SAME
if 0x1ky==1024z echo SAME
if 0x10ky==16384z echo SAME
If number ends with an unrecognised character it is treated as a terminator.
Supported File Systems
grub4dos can read FAT, NTFS, exFAT, ISO9660, UDF and ext filesystems.
Writing to a file
For example:
echo fred > /myfile.txt
grub4dos can only write to an existing file (it cannot create a new file).
The fat grub4dos executable can be used to format and create new files under grub4dos and write to files on a FAT file system.
grub4dos NTFS support is limited. There are problems when writing to <2k byte files on some NTFS drives (where resident file is contained only in $MFT)
- NTFS >1K MFT record size, >4K INDEX record size not supported
- NTFS >4K non-resident attribute list and $BITMAP not supported
- Encrypted files not supported
If writing to an NTFS file, you should ensure it is not a resident file (files approx 2k or more should always be non-resident and thus always safe to write to):
882.txt is not a resident file, 680.txt is a small resident file and writes to that file may not work.
File write support on ext????
Part 1 - ls, find, root, rootnoverify, map, cat, cmp, dd, write, read, calc, checktime, echo, pager, clear
ls
Similar to the Linux ls command, similar to the dir command under Dos, list files and directories in the current directory (working directory) under
ls /boot
Lists the current directory (working directory) under names beginning with boot files and directories, do not use ls boot, it is only valid in the root directory.
ls /boot /
Lists the current directory boot directory of files and directories, do not use ls boot /, it is only valid in the root directory.
ls (hd0,0) /
Lists (hd0,0) files and directories, do not use ls (hd0,0), it is only valid in (hd0,0) for the current disk.
ls dev
Drive a list of all lists (not including drive partition)
ls /boot /> nul && echo exist
Determine the directory /boot /exists, if it exists, then the output exist (this method is invalid for an empty directory)
ls /boot> nul && echo exist! echo not exist
Determine whether there is a file name of the current directory (working directory) to boot the beginning of the file or directory, if it exists, then the output exist, otherwise the output not exist
ls (hd0,0) /boot /> nul && echo exist! echo not exist
Judgment directory (hd0,0) /boot /exists, if it exists, then the output exist, otherwise the output not exist
[Note: If no file folder, for the ls command is concerned that the folder does not exist. ]
[Note: Due to the illusion of the file name of the directory, the directory is called with the /generated by (ud) does not exist, so ls (ud) /time, lists (ud) all the files, but ls (ud) /boot /they can list all files in /boot /under, because the file names of these files are in /boot /beginning]
==============================
debug on
find
List all disks (disks, including partitions) (debug off = silent mode)
debug on
find +1
Lists all known file system disk (debug off = silent mode)
debug on
find checkrange 0x07 parttype
Lists all partitions of partition type 0x07 (NTFS) (debug off = silent mode)
find /ntldr checkrange 0x07 parttype
Find the partition type is 0x07 (NTFS) partitions which have /ntldr file and list partitions found.
find --set-root /ntldr
Finds equipment /ntldr file, the device is set to first found device, the current device is searched first.
find --set-root --ignore-floppies --ignore-cd /ntldr
Finds equipment /ntldr file, the device is set to first find the current device. Ignore the floppy and CD-ROM.
find --set-root --devices=upnhcf /ntldr
Finds equipment /ntldr file, the device is set to first find the current device. Specify search order: ud, pxe, network equipment, hard disk, CD-ROM, floppy disk. The current root is always searched first.
find --set-root --devices=upnh /ntldr
Finds equipment /ntldr file, the device is set to first find the current device. Specifies the search order, and ignore the floppy and CD-ROM.
find --set-root ls /grub/
Finds /grub/ directory of the device, the device is set to first find the current device. /grub /directory can not be empty, otherwise it will ignore the directory.
debug on
find --set-root makeactive --status
Find first active primary partition, current device is searched first. (debug off = silent mode)
find --set-root=/boot/grub /boot/grub/menu.lst
Find device contains /boot/grub/menu.lst, current device searched first, and set the working directory to /boot /grub
find root
Finds all formatted partitions and lists them... (requires 2016 or later version)
(hd0,0) Filesystem type is ntfs, partition type 0x07
(hd0,0)
(hd0,1) Filesystem type is ntfs, partition type 0x07
(hd0,1)
========
root
Displays the current device name and related information.
root (hd0,0)
The (hd0,0) as the current disk, the working directory is /, effects and root = (hd0,0)/ .
root (hd-1,0)
The (hd-1,0) is first ptn of last hard disk, set as the current disk, root working directory is /
root (hd0,0)/boot
The (hd0,0) as the current disk, the working directory is /BOOT, effects and root = (hd0,0)/boot/ .
root ()/boot
Modify the working directory is /BOOT directory under the current disk, effects and root = ()/boot.
root (hd0,0) > nul && echo ok ! echo fail
root (hd0,0) > nul || echo fail ! echo ok
The (hd0,0) is set to the current device, if successful, output ok, if unsuccessful, output fail. (The above two commands have the same effect)
==============================
rootnoverify (hd0,0)
Equivalent to root (hd0,0), but does not test the contents of the partition. This is used in some systems installed outside the GRUB can access the disk area, but still need to set the right circumstances the root partition. Some parameters need to be installed in order to determine the partition may be a problem.
The following commands can be executed correctly, but would not replace the root:
rootnoverify (hd0)
chainloader +1
boot
==============================
Device Types:
(fd0) first floppy disk = (0x00)
(fd1) second floppy = (0x01)
(hd0) first hard = (0x80)
(hd1) second hard drive = (0x81) [0xA0 - 0XFF are CD devices, so max is hd31]
(hd-1) last hard disk
Use (hd) to create a new virtual hard disk after the last hard disk, BIOS disk count will be incremented +!
(cd0) first drive, equivalent to (hd32), --init created by cdrom
(cd1) a second optical drive, which is equivalent to (hd33), --init created by cdrom
Due to the ability to identify cdrom is too low, while optical devices on the market almost all been replaced by U disk, so (cd?) This format may be phased out.
(hd0,0) on a hard disk of the first primary partition
(hd0,4) on a hard disk first extended partition
(hd-1,0) and finally the first primary partition a hard drive, or (hd-2,0) in this format, (hd-1, -1) not allowed in this format.
(hd #, 0) of the first primary partition (hard disk on #)
(hd #, 1) second primary partition (hard disk on #)
(hd #, 2) third primary partition (# on the hard disk)
(hd #, 3) fourth primary partition (hard disk on #)
(hd #, 4) first logical partition (# on the hard disk)
(hd #, 5) a second logical partition (on the hard disk #)
(hd #, 6) a third logical partition (on the hard disk #)
(hd #, 7) The fourth logical partitions (on hard disk #)
(hd32) first optical drive = (0xA0)
(hd33) second optical drive
(0xFF) final drive (hd127)
() The current disk
(bd) the initial boot device (devices including disk and drive)
(cd) from the CD to start, Grub4Dos captured bootable CD, if not booted from the CD, there is no (cd) device
(ud) Fbinst way to start making a hidden partition
(pd) PXE network boot device
(nd) network drives, now is not commonly used (nd no longer exists and has been replaced by pd)
(md) memory drive, to achieve the whole memory as a disk drive to visit
(rd) random storage drives.
(md) device accesses memory from physical address 0, has 512 byte 'sectors'
(rd) can be accessed starting at any base memory address
Named in digital equipment:
fd0 - fd126: 0x0 - 0x7E (virtual floppy diskettes and exclude 0x21 and 0x23)
pxe: 0x21 (network boot device)
ud: 0x23 (Fbinst hidden partition)
rd: 0x7F (random memory storage drive)
hd0 - hd30: 0x80 - 0x9E (hard disk and virtual hard disks)
cd: 0x9F (captured bootable CD, this is not necessarily correct, depending on the bios may be)
hd32 - hd127: 0xA0 - 0xFF (CD and virtual CD-ROM)
+1 Indicates the rest of the device following the first sector of a device as a single file view:
(hd0)+1 will be the first sector of the entire hard disk as a file (of a sector)
(hd0,0)+1 will be the first sector of the partition as a whole file (of a sector)
(fd0)+1 will be the first sector of a floppy disk as a whole file (of a sector)
(cd0)+1 will be the first sector of the entire disc as a file (of a sector - sectors usually 2048 bytes)
(md)+1 will be the first sector of the entire memory as a file (of a sector)
(rd)+1 this rather special, all the contents of the specified memory as a file
[Note: (rd)+1 This always represent the file, which contains all the bytes are stored in the (rd) ]
Can also use + 2, + 3, etc., represents the first two or first three sectors viewed as a single file:
(hd0)+2 first two sectors entire hard disk as a file (of two sectors)
(hd0,0)+3 first three sectors throughout the district as a file (a total of three sectors)
(fd0)+5 entire first 5 sectors of the floppy disk as a file (a total of five sectors)
(cd0)+10 first 10 sectors of the entire disc as a file (of 10 sectors)
(md)+32 32 sectors across the front of memory as a file (a total of 32 sectors)
(rd)+2 first two sectors of the specified memory as a file (of two sectors)
You can also use a similar approach 32+5:
(hd0)512+2 the first two sectors after 512 sectors of the entire hard drive as a file (two sectors)
(hd0,0)1+3 The three sectors starting at the 2nd sector of the first partition as a file (a total of three sectors)
(fd0)1+1 will be sector #2 of whole floppy disk as a file (one sector)
(cd0)128+1 will be sector 128 as a file (one sector)
(md)0+32 32 sectors the start of memory as a file (a total of 32 sectors)
(rd)0+1 is equivalent to (rd) +1, all the contents of the specified memory as a file
About the (rd) Device:
(rd) devices only references the memory region, the memory area (rd) device is not being referenced protected, you can (rd) be interpreted as pointing to a block of memory pointer. In Grub4Dos, many things are free, unprotected, without limitation, (rd) is one of them.
(rd) is not a int13 device, but merely a grub4dos device. In grub4dos inside presence (rd) device, but after entering the DOS, there is no (rd) equipment was.
(rd)+1 always represents the entire contents (rd) device, rather than the first sector.
You can get information (rd) device via the following address:
set /a rdnum=*0x82CC # get the (rd) device number
set /a rdbase=*0x82D0 # get the starting address (rd) devices
set /a rdsize=*0x82D8 # get the total size (rd) devices
Information can be freely set (rd) device through the following methods:
map --ram-drive=0xFF7F # set (rd) device number of (rd)
map --mem --rd-base=50000 # Set (rd) devices starting address
map --mem --rd-size=30000 # Set (rd) devices the total size
map (hd0,1)+1 (fd0) # map a partition as a floppy drive
The following command only modifies the information (rd) devices:
map --mem /FILE (rd)
Here (rd) pointing a memory area which contains the content of /FILE file, but this memory is not protected, thus the memory at any time may be accessed by other code, and even modify Grub4Dos itself .
The following commands also modifies the information (rd) devices, but (rd) memory area pointed to is protected, because it (fd0) overlap, and (fd0) is protected:
map --mem /FILE (rd)
map --mem /FILE (fd0)
map --hook
If do not change the order of the first two lines or it won't work!
map –mem (md)+4 (99) – maps a 2048 byte drive near the top of 32-bit addressable memory (max. 4GB)
map --mem –top (md)+4 (99) – maps a 2048 byte drive near the top of memory (max 4TB)
map --status
Display the status of disk emulation.
map /PE.ISO (0xFF)
map --hook
The /PE.ISO mapped to (hd127) simulation disk, /PE.ISO must be continuously stored in the disk can not be fragmented.
map /win.vhd (hd)
map --hook
Map file as next available hard disk and increment BIOS hard disk count.
BIOS hard disk count is incremented if new disk is last BIOS disk+1
map --mem /PE.ISO (0xFF)
map --hook
/PE.ISO First loaded into memory, and then mapped to (hd127) simulation disk, /PE.ISO may have debris.
map --mem=-2880 /FLOPPY.IMG (fd0)
map --hook
/FLOPPY.IMG is first loaded into memory, and then mapped to (fd0) floppy disk emulation, (fd0) will occupy at least 1440KB (2880*512) of memory.
map --mem --top /BigPE.ISO (0xFF)
map --hook
The /BigPE.ISO loaded into high memory, and then mapped to (hd127) simulation disk to load the image into high memory can not use gzip compression, but not both achieve.
In grub4dos, the memory is divided into at 3.25G high memory and low memory ends 3.25G mirroring can not cross this point. If your memory is less than 3.25G, you do not have the high-end memory available.
map --unmap=0xFF
map --rehook
Uninstall (hd127) disk emulation. You can not use --unmap=(0xFF) method to uninstall, - unmap= must be followed by a number.
--rehook used to stop the simulation disk and frees up memory, equivalent --unhook then --hook (so it seems, map --unhook command does not seem to be used separately)
map --unmap=0,0x80,0xFF
map --rehook
Uninstall multiple simulations disks.
map --unmap=0:0xFF
map --rehook
Uninstall all disk emulation.
If you want to uninstall a device by device name using a different method, you can do:
map (hd127) (hd127)
map --rehook
map --read-only /FLOPPY.IMG (fd0)
map --hook
(fd0) can only read, cannot write, prevent /FLOPPY.IMG file is corrupted.
Mapped to emulate disk files can all be modified, whether it is IMG, ISO, VHD, etc., unless --read-only parameter.
map --fake-write /FLOPPY.IMG (fd0)
map --hook
(fd0) is false writing state, data can be written, but not recording to the (fd0), preventing /FLOPPY.IMG file from corrupted.
map --in-situ (hd0,4)+1 (hd0)
used to map a logical partition as a primary partition by creating virtual MBR and PBR in memory which will be accessed by BIOS calls.
Can be used to boot DOS-based OSs (DOS,Win95/98/Me) and trick it into thinking it is booting from a Primary partition.
Unlike the partnew command, no change is made to the physical MBR or PBR.
map --unsafe-boot /FLOPPY.IMG (fd0)
map --hook
Allow modification boot sector.
MBR is protected from writes unless --unsafe-boot is used - e.g. map --unsafe-boot (hd0,0)/image.vhd (hd1)
map --- disable-chs-mode /FLOPPY.IMG (fd0)
map --hook
Disable (fd0) of CHS access.
map --disable-lba-mode /FLOPPY.IMG (fd0)
map --hook
Disable (fd0) the LBA access.
map command can also be used to modify the information (rd) random access memory, the above have said.
map --add-mbt=option to be used with --mem. If option=0 master boot track will not be added automatically.
map --top option to be used with --mem. Use --top --mem if the file is >2GB.
map --mem will try to allocate memory at highest available address.
map --mem-max=, map --mem-min options to be used before map --mem. Allow user to manually limit range of address that map --mem can use. function parses K,M,G,T suffix after number - e.g. map --mem-max=4G.
map --mem will allocate memory even if the command fails due to insufficient RAM.
Note: In the map on the command line, (hdm, n) +1 style of writing is interpreted as representative of the (hdm, n) partitions, rather than just the first sector of the partition.
Note: - after unhook disk emulation, unless you then do --unmap, mapped disks will again be automatically mapped on next --hook
==============================
Disk swapping on the map command:
# Intended to be mapped to the current device (hd0)
map () (hd0)
# Intend to (hd0) is mapped to the current device
map (hd0) ()
# Begin mapping now
map --rehook
==============================
cat /menu.lst
The display /menu.lst
cat --hex /grldr
To display the contents in hexadecimal of /grldr
cat --skip=1024 /menu.lst
display /menu.lst contents, skip the first 1KB
cat --length=10 /menu.lst
display /menu.lst contents only the first 10 bytes
cat --locate="\x20 " /menu.lst
Find two consecutive spaces (escape character + non escape character) in /menu.lst the (case-sensitive)
cat --locate=abc /menu.lst
Find abc string (non-escaped characters) in /menu.lst the (case-sensitive)
cat --locatei=abc /menu.lst
Find /menu.lst the string abc (case insensitive)
cat --locate=abc --number=3 /menu.lst
Find abc string /menu.lst show only the results of the previous three found
cat --locate=abc --replace=def /menu.lst
Find the abc string /menu.lst and replaced def
cat --locate=abc --replace=def --number=3 /menu.lst
Find /menu.lst the abc string and replaced def, just replace the three former results found
cat --locate=abc --replace=def --locate-align=16 /menu.lst
Find the abc string /menu.lst and replaced def, replace only 16 position aligned with results
By the following command to see the effect of --locate-align=16 (search starts at 16-byte boundaries): - make file of all 00 bytes (/menu.lst must exist)
echo -n > /menu.lst
cat --locate=\x00 --replace=1 /menu.lst
cat /menu.lst
cat --locate=1 --replace=0 --locate-align=16 /menu.lst
cat /menu.lst
(first byte will be 0 followed by 15 1's, etc, etc,)
cat --length=0 ()-1
Fixed usage, return the current partition address offset in bytes - e.g. %@retval% returns 0x7E00 (=63*512)
cat --length=0 () /menu.lst
Get /menu.lst file size (if file >4GB then returns max 4GB)
cat --length=0 ()/menu.lst > nul && echo exist ! echo not exist
/menu.lst Determine whether there is a file, if it exists, then the output exist, otherwise the output not exist
Escape character summary:
\nnn 1-3 octal character code representation (\377) octal maximum value of \377 (255 decimal), exceeding the 377 code will then be converted modulo 377, for example, \400 represents \0
\xnn a 2-digit hexadecimal chracters (0-9 A-F) (\x00-\xFF) code indicates that the maximum value of \xFF
\ Blank space character
\\ \ Character (backslash)
\" " Character (double quotes)
\' ' Character (single quotes)
\a alert (bell)
\b backspace
\f formfeed
\n newline
\r carriage return
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab
[Note: Performing cat --locate= or cat --locatei =, you can get the position of the last occurrence using %?%]
For example:
cat --locate=b /File > nul
set /a Last=%?% > nul
Explanation: cat --locate=a /File returns results like 29 35 48 99 but the variable ? is set to the position of the last byte found.
With skill you can use &; operator to achieve this on one line (this does not work if you use &&)
set Last=-1 && cat --locate=a /File &; set /a Last =%?% > nul
sets a to a space character:
set "a= "
set multiple spaces before a string:
set "a= here are spaces"
cmp /menu.lst /m.lst
Compares two files are identical.
cmp --hex /menu.lst /m.lst
Compare two files are identical, and compare the results displayed in hexadecimal format.
cmp /menu.lst /m.lst > nul && echo same ! echo different
Compare two files are the same, if the same, then the output same, otherwise the output different.
==============================
dd command
dd if=()/menu.lst of=()/m.lst
Copy the contents of the /m.lst in /menu.lst
dd if=()/menu.lst of=() /m.lst bs=32 count=5
A block size of 32 (default 512), copy data from five blocks from /menu.lst into /m.lst
dd if=()/menu.lst of=()/m.lst bs=10 skip=5 seek=6
10 as block size, copy data from /menu.lst into /m.lst in. When copying, skip the first five blocks /menu.lst, and start reading from the first 6 blocks, a write, skip the first seven blocks /m.lst from the first eight blocks to start writing.
dd if=()/menu.lst of=()/m.lst buf=0x2000000 buflen=0x2000000
Copy the contents of the /m.lst /menu.lst, and when copying from 0x2000000 position memory (32M location) take 0x2000000 space (32M space) as a cache for copying large files, increasing the cache size dd can accelerate write speeds.
[Note: The source and target files must be present, the path must begin with a device name, the excess length of the file will be discarded, the target file can not be gz compressed files, source files can be compressed gz files, compressed files before replication be extracted. dd for the entire device can read and write operations: dd if=(fd0) of=(fd1), with caution. ]
==============================
write and read
write /menu.lst abc
Abc written in three characters at the beginning /menu.lst file, overwriting the original characters.
write /menu.lst "abc"
Write five characters "abc" at the beginning /menu.lst files, overwrite the original characters.
write /menu.lst \"abc\"
Write five characters "abc" at the beginning /menu.lst files, overwrite the original characters.
[Note: The string is written, in addition to the beginning of the space, other spaces, or single or double quotation marks do not need to escape, escape can be processed, the backslash must be escaped]
[Note: The target file must exist, some beyond the length of the file will be discarded, the target file can not be gz compressed files, source files can be compressed gz files, compressed files before copying will be extracted. write commands to operate the equipment: write (fd0) abc, caution. ]
write --bytes=2 0x8274 0x2001
If the object is not written to a file or device, but a number, this number represents a memory address, the address of the memory data write modified to specify the value of the data to be written must be an integer, not a string. Practice with the following memory address:
write 0x50000 -1
read 0x50000
>> Address 0x50000: Value 0xffffffff
write 0x50000 0
read 0x50000
>> Address 0x50000: Value 0x0 (four bytes, 32-bits)
write --bytes=3 (md)0x300+1 \x00\x01\x02 where bytes n = 1-8
If target is FILE (not ADDR) then must specify byte string \x00\x01 etc.
read 0x60000
Reads a 32-bit value from the specified location in memory, and displayed in hexadecimal form.
read -8 0x6000 (64-bit read)
[also calc *0x60000]
'raw write' and 'raw read' can be used to prevent decompression of gz or lzma source
==============================
Grub4dos itself to conventional memory usage situation is now as follows:
00000 ~ 0FFFF occupied grub4dos program code and stack.
10000 ~ 1FFFF grub4dos future for code and data retention.
20000 ~ 2FFFF is grub4dos geometry kernel automatically detect occupancy, as a buffer.
30000 ~ 37FFF occupied grub4dos kernel conventional disk read and write buffers.
38000 ~ 4FFFF grub4dos reserved for future expansion.
50000 ~ 7FFFF reserved for users
100,000 to 110,000 by the dd command of the disk buffer occupancy.
[Note: The above content on memory allocation is not necessarily accurate, correct me hope developers]
==============================
calc 1 + 1
1 + 1 is calculated, you can do: + (plus), - (minus), * (multiplication), /(division),% (I), << (left), >> (right) , & (and), | (or), ^ (XOR)
calc 0xFF
Display 0xFF decimal and hexadecimal results
calc *0x8280
Display integer value stored at the memory 0x8280
calc *0x50000=1
The integer value stored at the memory 0x50000 changed to 1
calc *0x50000=*0x8280
The integer value stored at the memory 0x50000 change to the integer value stored at 0x8280
calc *0x50000=1<<4
The integer value stored at the memory 0x50000 modify the results of the calculated (1<<4=16)
[Note: In the set /a var=value in, value can be calculated using the above method: set /ab=*0x8280]
calc and set /a minus number can be treated as a negative, but to add a space after the minus sign, for example, the following code:
set a=-32
set /a b=0-%a%
Above the set command can not calculate the value of 0--32, with the following wording can be calculated (add a space after the minus sign):
set a=-32
set /a b=0- %a%
Above the set command can calculate the value of 0- -32, the result is 32.
==============================
checktime syntax checktime minutes hour dayofmonth month dayofweek(0-6) 0=Monday, 6=Sunday
checktime
Displays the current date and time the week
checktime * 0-12 * * * && echo morning ! echo pm
Display different information according to different time. (Checktime points during the week day month)
checktime * * * * 6,0 && echo weekend ! echo Weekday
Display different information according to different time. (Checktime points during the week day month)
checktime * * * * * /2 && echo Fortnight ! echo single week
Display different information according to different time. (Checktime points during the week day month)
checktime 0,1-59/15 * * * * && echo whole quarter of an hour ! echo quarter non-integer
Display different information according to different time. (Checktime points during the week day month)
==============================
echo \\ Hello
Output on the screen \\ Hello (end of the line will automatically add line breaks)
echo -n \\ Hello
Output on the screen \\ Hello (end of the line does not automatically add a newline)
echo -e \\ Hello
Output on the screen \ Hello (-e that handles the escape character)
echo -h
Echo display color table support
echo $[0x1F]abc
Use color table 1F at foreground and background colors display abc
echo $[0x1F]abc$[0xE4]def
Use color table 1F at foreground and background colors display abc, then use the foreground and background colors of the color table E4 def display
echo $[0104]abc$[]fred
Display abc in red and fred in current console colour. Bug: $[] must always be followed by a character or space or else strange characters are output.
echo $[0xFFFFFF00FF0000]fred
Display fred in red text on white background
echo -P:0101 abc
abc displayed in the first row and first column of the screen (must be a space after -P:xxxx)
echo -n > /menu.lst
Empty the contents of the file /menu.lst
0.4.6a 2016+
echo -e /X00FC/x18
/Xhhhh displays unicode/UTF-8 characters (must load a font file).
==============================
pager on
Open full screen page display mode
[Hit Q to quit, any other key to continue]
pager off
Close full screen page display mode
pager
Toggle page display mode switch
pager status
Output current page display full screen mode
clear
Clear the screen (to clear the contents displayed on the screen)
Part 2 - graphicsmode, vbeprobe, testvbe, setvbe, terminal, terminfo, font, background, foreground
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